The Implementation Of Policies And Legislative Social Work Essay

The Implementation Of Policies And Legislative Social Work Essay Children are de ¬Ã‚ ned as in need when they are unlikely to achieve or maintain, or have the opportunity of achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development; or whose health and development are likely to be signi ¬Ã‚ cantly impaired, or further impaired without the provision of services under s.17(10); o are disabled as defined in s.17(11); or those who are in specific need of safeguarding under Part V of the (CA)(1989). Ann had recently been separated with her husband due to domestic violence and is currently living in a womens refuge with her 12 years old daughter. She had reported feeling depressed and lack resources. The development of a definition of domestic violence in Yemshaw v Hounslow LBC [2011] UKSC 3 (SC), decision by the court set a precedent that was used in meeting the needs of families. Children witnessing domestic abuse have now been included in the definition of harm under s.31(9) of the CA (1989). Section 17(1) of the CA (1989), places a general duty on Local Authorities (LA) to safeguard and promote the welfare of children within its area who are in need. It is based on the presumption that so far as it is consistent with their duty, children upbringing should be promoted within the family with an emphasis on parental responsibility as defined under s.3(1) of the CA (1989). This is complemented and reinforced under s.10(3) of the CA (2004), which requires LAs to have regard to the importance of parents and other persons caring for children in improving the well-being of children. LAs are directed through their specific duties and powers specified in Part 1 of Schedule 2 to provide services considered appropriate to meet the needs of children in need with the aim of avoiding the need for care proceedings . This includes homelessness, the psychological effect of witnessing abuse and disruption with school. Under s.17(6) the LAs can provide accommodation, counselling or as in th e cash of domestic violence, assistance in cash. Social workers are charged with discretion in making ethical decisions and should therefore use case law for additional guidance (Brammer, 2010: 190). In R v Nottingham City Council [2001] EWHC Admin 235, it was established that assessment is not a discretionary duty. Additionally, In R. (on the application of MM) v Lewisham LBC [2009] EWHC 416, it was held that the consideration given to the referral fell far below the standard required by law. The CA (1989) stipulates the legal framework within which Social Work practice with children in need is situated. Its child-centred approach is embodied in the welfare paramountcy principle s.1 and the welfare checklist s.1(3) states factors that must be considered with respect to determining the childs best interest. This welfare principle is also evident in s.3(5) and s.17. It adopt the principle that any delay s.1(2); in considering whether to make, vary or discharge s.31 and s.8 orders, s(1)(4); is likely to prejudice the childs welfare; and no order should be discharge except it is unequivocally in the childs best interests. The complexities and uncertainties of family life have brought about evolving policies and guidelines to complement the legislative framework (Davis, 2009). An understanding of childrens needs requires a multidisciplinary evidenced-based assessment, which is prescribed under The Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families (DoH, 2000). This is conferred under s.7, LA Social Services Act (1979) and requires LAs to comply with their duties. The Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003) led to the enactment of the CA (2004): it requires LAs under s.11(4) to have regards of statutory guidance to cooperate and make arrangements to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Working Together to Safeguard Children (DCSF, 2010) specifies how agencies should work together: it states unequivocally the proactive early identification of additional needs and the provision of appropriate services. The complexities and tension of multi professional perspective is recognised in The Common Assessment Framework (CAF) (DfE, 2009) and based assessment on consistency and coordination between agencies (Brammer, 2010). There are potential dissonances between legislative framework and the ethical frameworks, which informs social work practice. Parton (2006) noted the complexities of balancing child empowerment and professional judgement, and suggested that Social workers should advocate for children through their active participation in accordance with s.17(4A and 4B). Graham (2011: 1541) highlighted a substantial cultural shift to include children in planning and decision-making through the construction of the social model of childhood. This principle sought to reconcile the concept of child autonomy and right, with professional accountability and responsibility (Williams, 2008). The concept of best interest and the welfare of the child set out in s.1(3) and A8 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) is also embodied in decision-making (Butler and Hickman, 2011). In a speech at the Institute of Public Policy Research, Educational Secretary Michael Gove claimed that safegu arding children is inundated with optimism bias (Media, 2012). The law confers both a discretionary and obligatory duties, and the prediction of impairment is given emphasis under s.31 and s.17. It is therefore critical for social workers to have an ethical consideration when discharging their powers and duties, and reflect social work values in their proportionality of intervention under the Human Rights Act (HRA) (1998) which is seen as an additional scrutiny of practice (Brammer 2010: 114). The value of outcome focus needs analysis and multi-agency working is compatible with social work values. It recognise the complexities and sensitivity of domestic violence, and emphasis on the compounding effect of stereotypical assumptions and stigma faced by individual and families (Sheppard, 2006). Social workers conceptualisation according to Connolly, et al (2006) is invaluable in promoting social inclusion. This is particularly relevant to Anns situation. Assessment should not be based on a single event; careful consideration must be given the long-term effect of domestic violence (Williams, 2008). It must be conducted sensitively with an emphasis on respectful uncertainty, flexibility, openness and honesty about professional involvement (Laming, 2003). Strafford,et al (2010:13) locates the process of assessment in the context of a Systems approach. Social workers need to be aware of the likely impact of any intervention on the family. Social workers are required to adopt a principled approach based on negotiation and partnership. The CA (2004) requires LAs to coordinate services with relevant agencies: this gained explicit recognition in the Working Together to Safeguard Children guideline and reflects an acknowledgement that disadvantage occurs within a context of multiplicity of interlocking factors and social dynamic of the family (Graham, 2011). Social workers must therefore, integrate best-known evidence to inform professional judgement to accounts for the uniqueness, uncertainties and potential value conflicts (GSCC, 2003). Anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive practices are integral to social worker practice and enshrined in law. The GSCC (2003: 1.5) code of practice stresses the importance of respecting diversity and different culture and values. Further, s.22(5) requires due consideration to be given to a childs religious persuasion, racial origin and cultural and linguistic background which is also encapsulated in A.14 of HRA (1998), the right not to be discriminated against. The amendment of parental responsibility by the Adoption and Children Act (2002) to include adult with real relationship accounts for value placed on recognition of diversity of families to combat social exclusion (Strafford,et al 2010: 16). Millar and Corby (2006) highlighted the positive effect of a detailed assessment: Munro (2011) and Wise et al (2011: 95) are however, critical of the bureaucracy and the prescriptive nature of the Assessment Framework, which distracts social workers from their core therapeutic function. This presents a dilemma of balancing the need of a more rigorous assessment framework with the CAF (Crisp, et al, 2007). Social inclusion and integration are intrinsic to social work, however, Palmer (2003) and Goldthorpe and Monro (2005) notes that there is concern amongst social workers that the high eligibility criteria have seen a shift from family support to reactive child protection practice thereby further excluding and marginalising families. This have led social workers to question the concept of needs led service provision. Stafford, et al, (2011) reports on the conflicts and complexities around issues of confidentiality and information sharing within multidisciplinary teams. This posed a dilemma between the welfare of the child and Anns right to confidentiality. Domestic violence occurs within the context of both civil and criminal domain. This present are a wide range of shared and diverse models of knowledge and practice amongst professionals involved with children and families (Graham, 2011). OLoughlin and OLoughlin (2008: 41) noted the complexities of balancing the rights and responsibilities of parents and the rights and needs of children. This present a dilemma between a principled welfare approach and s.8 orders as highlighted in Debbonaire (2012). Cleaver et al (2010) noted that whist childrens needs occur within the family and environmental context and often interlinked with those of their parent: It is crucial that practice is child-centred and needs considered separately through childrens active participation (Mullender 2002: 121). The complexities of parental contact from the perpetrator of abuse might expose the children to witnessing more abuse. The legislative framework and policies have an enormous impact on social work practice. The complex interplay of skills, values and knowledge; the prevailing social attitudes; and the conflicting and overlapping imperative, have been analysed as the range of dilemmas and conflicts faced by social workers. What is most noteworthy, however, is the need for sound professional judgement and ethical consideration.

False Claims

Rgtgfggdgdfsgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggg gggggg dfdfdf fdfdfdf dfdfdfdf dfdfdfdf ffdfdfd dfdfdfdf dfdf fdfdfdf d dff dddwsassee eeerrr errerer rerwren e rr er e re re rer e rer e r ere r er ert rtytytuy tyu ty ty u yuyuty ty rt yrtyrtyrt t yty try ty rty try rty rt yrt rtughuuhhihuihuh ewwewewe wewewe ttttt rrrrrr 45 45 45 njknjk hnjh lkl kl kl k mnkmnk nkn klj kj kj kj k jkj kjkj dffdf dfdfd t rt rtrtrdfdfdfdftrrt rtrt rtrt ererererre yty tytyt ererer er iujiuiu jk jk jk jk j It’s normal and therefore acceptable to have mistakes and undeveloped sections in your first draft. However, if you don’t understand the criteria or the mistakes I’ve pointed out, please see me. If you have many areas marked â€Å"no evidence,† don’t try to revise your first draft; it’ll be easier to start over.The problem section eventually needs to include all of the following, so me of which may be in the same paragraph though others will take several paragraphs: A. an anecdote (a story that illustrates the problem—this should be your first paragraph); this’ll be in a your own words today, but in later drafts you’ll quote the original; B. a definition and description of the problem–an explanation of what it is; define key terms; C. relevant background (maybe scientific or historic); D. the size/scope of the problem (usually, the number of cases in a given time frame for a given area as well as some statistics on how wide spread the problem is); E. consequences of the problem (what happens as a result of the problem, which could include multiple.

Analysis Of The Narrative Frank - 3152 Words

Assessment Narrative Summary Frank is a 33 year old African American male. Frank self disclosed that he prided himself on being a family man. He married his wife Fiona, a 28 year old Korean born woman, who he met shortly after his discharge from the army. The two have been married for seven years. Frank described their marriage as good (Johnson, 2004). Frank and Fiona have toddler twin daughters together. Frank had been driving trucks as an independent contractor for approximately nine years. Truck driving was his sole employment since his discharge from the military eleven years earlier. Frank had severed two tours of combat duty in the army during the Vietnam War. He was drafted out of high school and reenlisted for a second tour.†¦show more content†¦Frank had previously been arrested three times for drunk driving, the most recent being six months earlier. He remained on probation for his last drunken driving offense and was yet to be adjudicated for the shooting episode. Immediately after the shoot ing Frank moved into a nearby hotel, as he had difficulty facing his children and wife. Since the shooting his drinking has increased. Frank has started to see a therapist at substance abuse outpatient treatment program. After three sessions, Frank is ready to address his drinking and has decided to go to an alcohol detoxification program and is willing to engage in treatment after his detoxification program. DSM 5 Diagnosis This section, using the DSM-5, has determined Frank has met the criteria for a moderate Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) (2013) outlines anyone meeting any two of the 11 criteria’s under the DSM-5, within the same 12-month period would receive a diagnosis of AUD. The severity of an AUD, mild, moderate, or severe, is based on the number of criteria met (NIAAA, 2013). The presence of four to five symptoms would indicate a severity of moderate AUD (NIAAA, 2013). Based on Frank’s story shared in sessions, the therapist has determined that Frank has met five criteria’s of the DSM-5. Below are the specific DSM-5 criteria’s the therapist used to make this determination: Criterion 1: Alcohol is often

Synthesis Essay Coach Smith - 1421 Words

Synthesis Essay – Dean Smith SMSgt Michael Denoncour Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy February 7, 2015 Instructor: MSgt Konnijo Czerwinski Dean Smith Coach Dean Smith was head coach of the University of North Carolina (UNC) men’s basketball team for 36 years, from 1961 to 1997. He tallied 879 wins during his tenure at UNC, with his teams appearing in 11 Final Fours and winning two National Collegiate Athletic Association National Championships. He also coached the 1976 United States men’s basketball team to an Olympic gold medal. Coach Smith led and mentored many future National Basketball Association (NBA) legends such as James Worthy, Sam Perkins, Vince Carter, Jerry Stackhouse and Michael Jordan, to name a few. His successful basketball strategies and game innovations no doubt contributed to his wins on the court, but as important to his sustained team success was his methodical approach to team building and genuine care for his players as individuals. Dean Smith was both a visionary and ethical leader. This essay will detail how Coach Smith was a visionary leader that fostered an inclusive environment and used transformational leadership, with a focus on individual consideration, to methodically mold his teams. Additionally, the essay will show how Coach Smith was an ethical leader as he avoided falling into the ethical trap of worry over image and used the essential intellectual trait of intellectual perseverance in confronting the ethicalShow MoreRelated Sports Journalism Essay1872 Words   |  8 Pagesthere, and so is my willingness to be involved in it. I believe I can help people in some small way by opening their eyes to different outlooks on certain items that may come up, such as if a new hitter can push a team over the top, or if the new coach isn’t doing his job correctly. 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Imagery Usage in Shakespeare´s Julius Caesar - 760 Words

What comes to mind when one thinks of â€Å"Romans†? Power, dominion, or even greatness could describe these noble people. The Romans were arguably one of the most powerful civilizations in history, so how could a people of such greatness come to such ruin? Power is a dangerous privilege for any worldly nation to possess, and when mixed with a scandalous concoction of greed and corruption, could spell the end of an entire civilization. Julius Caesar showcases Shakespeare’s own interpretation concerning the demise of Rome’s most famous leader. This play spotlights various examples of imagery to help the audience understand the author’s interpretation of this historical tragedy. Imagery is a kind of figurative language used to help the reader†¦show more content†¦It could be that Caesar has become barren, not Calpurnia, which could create problems if Ceasar were to assume a throne; he would be unable to produce an heir. So what could one see under t his new perspective? Perhaps Julius Caesar’s actions were directed to make himself king after all, and thus making him seem like a more power-hungry figure in the story. If Caesar was indeed seeking the throne as the conspirators claimed, wouldn’t it be important to him that he would have a successor? Perhaps William Shakespeare was trying to convey the image that Caesar is not the flawless leader he seems to think he is. In this situation, barrenness becomes an important piece of imagery to help the reader view Julius Caesar in the underlying image possibly understood by Shakespeare. This perspective on Caesar indeed makes achieving the crown of Rome seem to be his top ambition, which brings the next imagery device used in the play forward; a crown. William Shakespeare uses the device of a royal crown to portray Caesar’s quest for ambition through false humility. In the middle of Act One, it states that Julius Caesar was offered a crown â€Å"thrice† by Mark Antony and that â€Å"he put it by thrice, every time gentler than other; and at every putting-by mine honest neighbors shouted.† (I, ii, 228-230) This could make Caesar appear to be a humble man, who feelsShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 Pagesare important generators and qualifiers of meaning and effect. This is particularly the case in poetry. Especially the analysis of the use of imagery is important for any kind of literary text. (For further details see Analysing a Metaphor and Symbol). Figures of speech in classical rhetoric were defined as â€Å"a form of speech artfully varied from common usage† (Quintilian, Inst. Orat. IX.i.2). The forms of figurative languages are divided into two main groups: schemes (or figures) and tropes. RhetoricalRead MoreStudy Guide Literary Terms7657 Words   |  31 Pagesrepetition of the initial sounds of several words in a group. The following line from Robert Frosts poem Acquainted with the Night provides us with an example of alliteration,: I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet. The repetition of the s sound creates a sense of quiet, reinforcing the meaning of the line 3. allegory – Where every aspect of a story is representative, usually symbolic, of something else, usually a larger abstract concept or important historical/geopolitical eventRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 PagesChristian utopia Genre/Style: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · sermons, diaries personal narratives captivity narratives jeremiads written in plain style Effect: ï‚ · ï‚ · instructive reinforces authority of the Bible and church Historical Context: ï‚ · ï‚ · a person s fate is determined by God all people are corrupt and must be saved by Christ Rationalism / Age of Enlightenment period of American Literature - 1750-1800 Content: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · national mission and American character democratic utopia use of reasonRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 Pagescalled the lyre. Lyric poems, the most common type in English, are shorter than narrative and dramatic works. They express the poets thoughts or feelings on a single subject. The sonnet is one of the best forms of lyric poetry, a field in which Shakespeare was an expert. Among other types of lyric poetry, two forms stand out: the ode and the elegy. Odes were originally meant to be sung or chanted like the choral odes in Greek drama. Odes are usually addressed to a person, thing

Against Abortion Free Essays

Abortion’s should be illegal throughout the world because it is cruelty and mean for killing an unborn child it is unnecessary for an adult to do such a cruel thing. An abortion is a issue affecting our society. Many people feel that abortion’s is a situation that should be done because they have been raped, or health issues that will hurt the mother’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Against Abortion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Killing innocent children is unethical especially the way the procedures are done. The child that is growing inside the woman’s stomach should be born and live a great life.Abortion’s is a highly controversial and debatable matter life and death are related. People also think about the mental and emotional state of the family. Abortion’s can emotionally and physically mess up a women’s life, mind, and their body. I learned that abortion’s can also give a woman breast, uterine, and cervical cancer. Abortion is the worst thing a woman can do against human dignity. It is a crime against life. Nobody has the right to kill or hurt a new living being. Abortion’s is immoral and it should not be legalized, many countries fight against it. Abortion’s is also a threat to the mother’s life and their health.A woman can suffer an infection or internal bleeding, she can also become sterilized the permanent to bear a child. Abortion’s not only kills the baby but it may kill the mother too. If the mother is using drugs she could suffer dangerous side effects and give the mother severe pain. Many complications are common after abortion’s, like inflammation of the reproductive organs. None of the methods women use to abort are completly safe one of the most common methods used is suction aspiration. Great care must be taken to prevent the uterus from being damaged , which would cause hemorrhage.Another method used for babies as old as twenty four weeks, is the Dilation and Evacuation. Although against abortion’s arguments will help people reach a reasonable decision on the issue . If each side was represented, it is likely people would become in favor of a ban on abortion when facts are the issue instead of a false play in people emotion’s. In those cases especially,is unfair to punish an innocent fetus merely for the irresponsible adults. I think some circumstances would make them legal. In the situation of rape I don’t believe that abortions should be legal because the act of sex was forced upon the person.Because of this, I think that the person who was raped should be able to choose whether she wants to keep the baby or not. Abortion’s such as adoption, which is far preferable to destroying a life it has to develop naturally. There is a moral between a fetus to save the mother’s life, or where pregnancy results rape, for another, and pregnancy from irresponsible sexual activity without appropriate precautions guard against pregnancy. In my conclusion against abortion’s is that abortion’s is like pro’s and con’s abortion’s is one of the most high debates in the political and social arena. How to cite Against Abortion, Papers

The Theory of Operant Conditioning Stands On Two Major Pillars

Question: What Is the Theory of Operant Conditioning Stands On Two Major Pillars? Answer: Introduction Teaching class Five (5) primary students comes with a challenge in classroom management. Keeping a given number of students focused and motivated to study is a difficult affair. Most learners do not participate in class or complete assignments and homework. Students age at primary 5 affects their behavior of learning (Joswick Morrow, 1999, p.479). For effective learning to take place, it is important for a teacher to be in control of the learners behavior. Discussion Evaluation of the scenario Learners have a varied range of behavior. A small percentage of learners do not attend all classes. Another group does not attempt assignments left by the teacher at all or do not complete it on time while a larger number do not complete their homework. This behavior is typical of the learners under this age bracket as they similarly do not complete tasks given to them at home by their parents. In order to manage the class, a teacher can employ strategies of the operant conditioning theory to effectively control these behaviors of learners in his or her classroom. Evaluation of the operant conditioning theory The theory of Operant conditioning stands on two major pillars, that is, rewarding a certain behavior or withholding a reward for an undesirable behavior to achieve a suitable change in behavior. Thus, a relationship is grown between how one behaves and the consequences of his or her behavior pattern. Ones behavior directs the course of action taken against them. The Operant Conditioning Theory has two key components which are; reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement and punishment is further divided into four options, positive and negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement such as, giving rewards to learners and praising an individual for a good behavior strengthens a behavior while negative reinforcement involves taking off an outcome after display of a given behavior. In both incidents a behavior improves positively. A positive punishment is the introduction of an unfavorable condition to learners with an aim of curbing or stopping an occurring behavior. On the other hand, a negative punishment is the removal of a favorable condition from a learning environment after the occurrence of a behavior, with an aim of cubing it. In both cases behavior decreases (Colnet. 2007, p.207). Young learners need to be appreciated at all times when they behave well. According to Bridget Sizer, offering them attention, time and verbal encouragement is the most crucial way of improving and maintaining good behavior (Sizer 2013). The application of positive reinforcement would ensure the yielding of positive results. Those students who complete tasks on time are supposed to be rewarded. It will motivate the same student to do even better in the next assignments in terms of accuracy aiming for another reward. Those who have not done their homework will be encouraged to attempt it so that they also get a similar reward. Alternatively, punishments can be used on learners as a method of reinforcement. Punishment is a positive or negative consequence following a behavior that reduce the probability that a particular behavior will occur in the future again. Positive punishments like presentation of unfavorable conditions will discourage unsuitable characters. For example, if learners fail to do homework because they like watching television, a parent should be encouraged to switch off the television until the children finish their homework. These conditions will push students to do their tasks in time so as to enjoy the luxury of watching television. Withdrawal of privileges such as reduction of pocket money, dropping off learners at school and gifts will also send an alarm to them that they have a duty to fulfil for them to get the privileges. These way leaners will be compelled to do what is required of them at all times. Strengths of the operant conditioning theory The concept of Operant conditioning can be incorporated in teaching and classroom management as a programmed instruction. When the knowledge is passed bit by bit, the reactions are able to be reinforced. Behavioral modification as a psychological correction technique, is widely used when there is an encounter with learners with learning difficulties. When normal learners are subjected to the operant conditioning techniques, it will modify their performance skills as well as helping in the management of the students. As stated above, a possible way of effecting positive reinforcement is through giving complements, being there to encourage learners and applauding them when they have behaved well. When all this is put together the students behavior can be changed into a more desirable state. For example, if the teacher informs the learners that he will reduce amount of assignments if they attend all classes, the class will be attended to perfection. The reduction of assignments (which are good in a learning exercise) is a negative reinforcement, because a good condition is taken away from the learning process in order to increase the attendance pattern of the learners. When the teacher poses tough questions to the learners, he will praise students with any answers close to the correct one. These way learners will be encouraged to give more tries. This is a way of shaping up an operant behavior through positive reinforcement. Operant conditioning covers a large scope of concepts, such as studying language and fears of individuals. By learning peoples fears it is easier to help them out of that situation. The theory is more practical and has direct implications in the area of education. When a person is rewarded for a behavior, it is more likely for it to improve or repeat again. Theories that were developed later, like Albert banduras theory of observational learning support,agree with the operant conditioning theory. Parents and teachers are aware that children are learning from them. Parents and teachers have had awareness on how to manage behavior and thus, parenting has become more easy as parenting techniques have been improved (Kerr, 2007, p. 255). The theory is very helpful when raising children, and when teaching them. Another strength of operant conditioning over banduras theory of observational learning is that, once a student is punished for behaving in a given manner, its highly unlikely to observe similar behavior again. According to observational learning theory, whether you punish a given behavior, it may reoccur again as the student shall be observing and acting the way his or her friends do. Weaknesses of the operant conditioning theory Punishment as a technique in operant conditioning theory may lead to rebellion. When an individual has been punished, he or she is likely to behave again in the same way in protest to the punishment. It is normal that humans express their dissatisfaction by protesting actions against them. The operant conditioning theory does not guarantee complete change in behavior (Runco, 1993, p.84). The person in question might choose to act in pretense that they have stopped the behavior in order to receive the reward. After receiving the reward, an individual might go back to his or her normal behavior. Individuals have different responses to stimuli. Some may bend for the stimuli while others may resist. This brings to question the suitability of the operant conditioning theory as it entirely relies on stimuli to achieve intended response. Operant conditioning does not take cognitive factors into account. According to Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development, the explanation on how a child creates an image of the world in his or her brain tells that behavior is something that comes with biological development of an individual and his or her interaction with the environment (Dedeke, 2015, p.437). The operant conditioning theory does not give remedies in case of reoccurrence of a behavior. It only gives suggestions on how to counter a problem with no clear definition of ways of countering its reoccurrence. There is a possibility that once the reward has been given for good behavior, the student could go back to their bad behavior. There should be a set of strategies that will ensure continuity of good behavior (Mechler Bourke, 2011, p.28). There can only be good or bad behavior, there is no neutral behavior. The operant theory pays emphasis on improvement of behavior and as such it rewards a behavior that has not necessarily qualified as good or bad. This does not encourage complete change in behavior. This theory does not allow direct engagement and motivation of the students. Learners are supposed to engage in their learning directly to yield maximum results. The operant conditioning theory places the teacher ahead of the class. The teacher is in complete control of the class and he or she only subjects his or her learners to conditions he or she feels are appropriate for the improvement of learners. This may slow down the process of behavior correction as learners may have a contribution to their own behaviors improvement, for example copying from what their friends do to be rewarded or appreciated. The operant conditioning theory pays too much attention to environmental stimuli while overlooking possible determinants of behavior like health and psychological factors. According to Erik Eriksons psychological theory of human development (1959) the psychosocial development of an individual comprises eight stages of development from infancy to adulthood (Gibson, 2004, p.193). These stages are subdivided into two phases. The first phase of development which is comprised of five stages takes place from birth to the 18 years of age. The remaining three stages take place from the age of 18 to. During each one of these eight stages, an individual goes through a series of psychosocial changes which may result into either a positive or negative development of personality depending on the experiences he or she is exposed to. Erikson states that, a crisis likely occurs at each beginning or end of each stage of development and these crises are of a psychosocial nature since they revolve around psychological and social needs of the character in question being different from those in the environment or society around them (Augier Kreiner, 2000, p. 659). This personality related behavior cannot be changed through reinforcement or punishment but through psychological processes like guidance and counseling. This renders the operant conditioning theory inapplicable in such situations. Skinners operant conditioning theory essentially hold that, it is only a behavior that can be directly observed and physically measured that can be described and studied by scientific means. Out of the behavior tradition grew the belief that development of human beings is an observable behavior that can be learnt through experience with the environment and actions. Operant conditioning shows that it is this part of the behaviorism theory that focuses only on the observable response of the individuals to a form of stimuli that can correct psychological problems. Skinner argues that, the mental and internal way of how ones brain and body works, cannot be a subject of consideration in this theory (Schwinger, 2011, p.217). It is because Skinner thought that one cannot understand the mind and internal body systems as they cannot be observed directly, whereas opposed to reactions in an experimental setting. Conclusion The theory of Operant Conditioning deals with an operant for each behavior. An Operant is described as an intentional action or condition set up with the aim of having an effect on the environment surrounding an individual in order to yield a positive behavior. The teacher is able to control a specific behavior without risking negative change on other related behavior in learners. Skinner tried to identify the processes that make specified operant behaviors more or less likely to reoccur (Yoon Vargas, 2014, P. 52). Skinner came up with three types of responses that can follow behavior. The first one is neutral operant which are environmental responses that are not likely to increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior to be repeated (Barr, Rovee-Collier Learmonth, 2011, p.625). The Second one is reinforcements which are positive or negative responses from the environment that are likely to increase the chances of a behavior to reoccur. The third and last response is punishment which are also positive or negative responses from the environment that reduce the likelihood of the reoccurrence of a behavior since they weaken a behavior (Komaki, 1994, p.27). 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